"They will be very quick in the race...it will be a long fight to the chequered flag," he added, grinning at the McLaren drivers sitting on either side in the post-qualifying news conference. "I'm confident and ready.
"We expected, if we got everything right, to be closer, much closer than in practice," said the German, who hit the barriers on Friday.
"I felt there was more in the car and we just had to get to it. Overnight we tried to find where the problem was and this afternoon it was already much better."
Mansell, who took his 14 poles in a 16-race season with Williams, congratulated Vettel on social network Twitter. The German said he was thrilled.
"He obviously took two races fewer to achieve the same, but still, it's something very special," Vettel said. "It's a great feeling, for sure."
Hamilton, who lapped just nine thousandths of a second faster than Button, appeared to have done enough for his second pole of a troubled season, but Vettel pipped him at the finish.
"I'm happy with today," said Hamilton. "And to not have any penalties is a blessing for me."
Ferrari's double champion, Fernando Alonso, and Brazilian team mate Felipe Massa shared the third row, with the latter well away from Hamilton after six collisions between the magnetic rivals this year.
The next rows also followed in pairs, with Mercedes' Nico Rosberg and Michael Schumacher seventh and eighth and ahead of Force India's Adrian Sutil and Paul di Resta in ninth and 10th.
Indian Grand PrixThe second phase of qualifying was red-flagged and halted for four minutes when a plastic bollard broke loose from its mounting and was left lying on the track.
Struggling former champions Williams, with a meagre five points from 17 races representing their worst showing in F1, will fill the back row after Brazilian Rubens Barrichello failed to get a lap in.
"We had a brand new engine this morning and it was looking good," Barrichello said. "We went out and had difficulties after two laps (in practice). We tried to review the situation but before qualifying the team told me there was no way we could go out."
His Venezuelan team mate, Pastor Maldonado, qualified 17th but has a 10-place penalty for exceeding his engine quota.
Asked when Williams had last had two cars on the back row, if ever, team co-founder Patrick Head -- the technical director when Mansell enjoyed his run of poles -- shook his head and said: "To Williams? If it did it was so long ago I don't care to remember.
"I don't think it's ever happened before but...when these things happen, you don't make a meal of it."